Best College Majors for a Career in the Space Industry

The best college major for a space-industry career depends on the mission work you want to perform. Aerospace, electrical, computer, mechanical, and software disciplines are direct routes into spacecraft systems; physics, astronomy, Earth science, mathematics, and data science support research and analysis; business, supply chain, communications, education, and policy support missions without engineering responsibility.

Key Takeaways

• There is no single best major for the entire space industry because spacecraft, software, science, production, operations, and business require different disciplines.
• Aerospace engineering is direct for flight-system work, but electrical engineering, computer engineering, mechanical engineering, and computer science may be better aligned with particular subsystems.
• Physics and astronomy are strong routes into scientific analysis and research, although independent research careers often require graduate education.
• Lawyer roles normally require post-baccalaureate legal education and jurisdiction-specific admission; “law” should not be treated as a standard undergraduate shortcut into legal practice.
• The strongest degree is the program that provides relevant courses, supervised experience, and work products you can show—not merely a space-related title.

This guide will help you match college majors to real space-industry outputs, compare technical and nontechnical routes, audit individual degree programs, estimate the cost of changing direction, and build an evidence plan before graduation.

Scope: This article focuses mainly on U.S. undergraduate education and career pathways. Degree requirements, accreditation, professional licensing, admission to legal practice, work authorization, export-control obligations, citizenship rules, and employer expectations vary by institution, employer, jurisdiction, and country. This article provides general educational information, not admissions, financial, legal, immigration, licensing, export-control, or employment advice.

Which College Majors Are Best for the Space Industry?

The most useful majors are those that prepare students to produce a specific mission output.

For many technical space careers, strong options include:

• Aerospace or astronautical engineering
• Electrical or electronics engineering
• Computer engineering
• Mechanical engineering
• Computer science or software engineering
• Physics
• Astronomy or astrophysics
• Atmospheric science or meteorology
• Earth science, geology, or geoscience
• Applied mathematics, statistics, or operations research
• Data science
• Industrial or manufacturing engineering
• Materials science and engineering
• Chemical engineering

For mission-support and commercial careers, useful undergraduate majors include:

• Accounting
• Finance
• Supply-chain management
• Logistics
• Business analytics
• Project management
• Technical communication
• Journalism or public relations
• Public policy
• Political science
• International relations
• Economics
• Human resources
• Education
• Legal studies or another rigorous pre-law major, followed by a J.D. for lawyer roles
• Paralegal studies for legal-support routes

The American Bar Association does not recommend one required undergraduate major for admission to legal education. Students enter law school from disciplines including history, English, economics, business, computer science, engineering, mathematics, and the sciences.

A U.S. undergraduate degree labeled legal studies or pre-law does not by itself qualify its holder to practice law. Lawyer roles normally require a professional law degree and satisfaction of the admission requirements in the applicable jurisdiction.

NASA’s current careers page reports more than 150 occupations and separately features engineering, science and research, data and information technology, cybersecurity, business services, internships, and other career families.

That breadth is why a single overall ranking would be misleading.

What Is the Best Major for Each Space Mission Role?

The following table identifies direct degree routes for common mission functions.

“Most direct” does not mean “required by every employer.” It means the curriculum commonly aligns with the work.

Mission role or output	Most direct majors or education route	Other relevant majors	Typical student evidence
Spacecraft configuration and flight performance	Aerospace or astronautical engineering	Mechanical engineering, physics	Vehicle model, trajectory analysis, trade study
Structures and mechanisms	Mechanical or aerospace engineering	Materials science	Structural analysis, mechanism design, load test
Thermal control	Mechanical or aerospace engineering	Physics, chemical engineering	Thermal model, heat-transfer analysis, test report
Electrical power systems	Electrical engineering	Computer engineering, physics	Power budget, circuit design, tested electronics
Avionics and embedded systems	Electrical or computer engineering	Computer science	Embedded controller, interface test, fault-handling logic
Radio-frequency communications	Electrical engineering	Physics, computer engineering	Link budget, antenna analysis, signal-processing project
Flight software	Computer science, software engineering, or computer engineering	Aerospace engineering	Tested software, simulator, requirements traceability
Ground software and data systems	Computer science, information technology, data science	Computer engineering	Data pipeline, operator interface, automated test
Guidance, navigation, and control	Aerospace, electrical, mechanical, or computer engineering	Applied mathematics, physics	Control simulation, estimator, stability analysis
Propulsion	Aerospace, mechanical, or chemical engineering	Physics, materials science	Performance model, thermal analysis, test plan
Spacecraft materials and manufacturing	Materials science, mechanical, or manufacturing engineering	Chemical engineering	Material selection, process plan, inspection record
Systems engineering	Aerospace, electrical, mechanical, computer, or systems engineering	Physics, industrial engineering	Requirements matrix, interface model, trade study
Mission operations	Aerospace, physics, astronomy, computer science	Information technology	Operations procedure, telemetry monitor, anomaly exercise
Astrophysics research	Astronomy, astrophysics, or physics	Applied mathematics, computer science	Research project, data analysis, scientific paper
Planetary science	Geology, geophysics, chemistry, physics, astronomy	Environmental science	Mapping project, laboratory analysis, research report
Earth observation	Atmospheric science, Earth science, geography, environmental science	Data science, computer science	Remote-sensing analysis, validated geospatial dataset
Space weather	Atmospheric science or physics	Applied mathematics, computer science	Time-series analysis, forecasting model, research project
Mission planning and optimization	Operations research, applied mathematics, aerospace engineering	Data science, industrial engineering	Schedule optimizer, resource model, sensitivity analysis
Production and quality	Industrial, manufacturing, mechanical, or materials engineering	Engineering technology	Process map, quality plan, measurement study
Space business and procurement	Business, finance, supply chain, logistics	Engineering management	Supplier evaluation, budget, procurement analysis
Communications and public affairs	Communications, journalism, technical communication	Science communication	Sourced briefing, media package, correction workflow
Policy and international cooperation	Public policy, political science, international relations, economics	Science, engineering, business	Policy analysis, stakeholder map, regulatory brief
Lawyer or legal counsel	Any suitable bachelor’s degree, followed by a J.D. and jurisdiction-specific admission	Engineering, science, economics, public policy	Legal research and writing developed through authorized education and supervised experience
Paralegal or legal assistant	Associate degree or certificate in paralegal studies is common	Bachelor’s degree plus paralegal education	Supervised legal research, document organization, drafting support

The correct major depends on the output you want to own.

A satellite contains structures, mechanisms, computers, sensors, antennas, power electronics, software, thermal hardware, and scientific instruments. “Working on satellites” is therefore not a sufficiently specific career objective.

Why Is There No Single Best Space Major?

The space industry is a network of occupations rather than one profession.

NASA states that it hires engineers across many disciplines. Its engineering careers page identifies aerospace, general, and computer engineering among its common engineering fields while also emphasizing systems thinking and teamwork.

NASA’s science workforce includes astrophysicists, geologists, biologists, chemists, project scientists, program scientists, and discipline scientists. NASA also employs software, data, cybersecurity, communications, accounting, procurement, human-resources, and program professionals.

Commercial space organizations add further roles in:

• Satellite manufacturing
• Launch services
• Ground communications
• Earth-observation products
• Telecommunications
• Mission software
• Robotics
• Semiconductor development
• Insurance
• Finance
• Market research
• Customer support
• Regulatory compliance

A degree can be valuable to the space sector even when the degree title does not contain “space,” “aerospace,” or “astronomy.”

The Mission Output Map

The Mission Output Map is an original framework developed for this guide. It organizes majors around six types of output that space organizations need.

1. Flight-System Output

This category includes:

• Vehicle architecture
• Structures
• Thermal systems
• Propulsion
• Flight dynamics
• Controls
• Mechanisms
• Verification

Strong majors include aerospace, mechanical, electrical, chemical, and materials engineering.

2. Embedded-Intelligence Output

This category includes:

• Flight computers
• Embedded software
• Sensors
• Communications
• Command and data handling
• Cybersecurity
• Autonomy
• Ground software

Strong majors include electrical engineering, computer engineering, computer science, software engineering, and information technology.

3. Scientific-Knowledge Output

This category includes:

• Research questions
• Observation plans
• Scientific models
• Instrument measurements
• Data interpretation
• Publications
• Science requirements

Strong majors include physics, astronomy, astrophysics, chemistry, biology, geology, planetary science, and atmospheric science.

4. Earth-and-Planetary-Data Output

This category includes:

• Remote-sensing products
• Geographic information
• Weather and climate analysis
• Surface classification
• Environmental monitoring
• Hazard assessment
• Space-weather interpretation

Strong majors include atmospheric science, meteorology, geography, geology, geophysics, environmental science, data science, statistics, and computer science.

5. Production-and-Operations Output

This category includes:

• Manufacturing processes
• Integration procedures
• Quality records
• Test operations
• Supply flow
• Mission procedures
• Scheduling
• Resource optimization

Strong majors include industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, engineering technology, operations research, logistics, and systems engineering.

6. Organizational-and-Market Output

This category includes:

• Budgets
• Contracts
• Procurement
• Staffing
• Training
• Public communication
• Customer research
• Policy
• Legal support

Strong undergraduate majors include accounting, finance, supply-chain management, business analytics, communications, human resources, education, public policy, political science, international relations, economics, and paralegal studies.

For lawyer roles, the route is different: complete a suitable bachelor’s degree, earn a J.D. or other qualifying professional law degree, and satisfy the applicable jurisdiction’s admission requirements.

How to Use the Map

Select the output you would most like to create every week.

Then ask:

1. Which majors teach the required foundations?
2. Which programs require relevant projects?
3. Which program provides access to laboratories, research, internships, or design teams?
4. What additional education does the target occupation normally require?
5. Which alternative industries could use the same degree?

This sequence is more reliable than choosing a major because its name sounds connected to space.

Is Aerospace Engineering the Best Overall Space Major?

Aerospace engineering is one of the most direct majors for aircraft, spacecraft, launch vehicles, and flight systems. It is not automatically the best choice for every spacecraft subsystem or every student.

An aerospace curriculum commonly covers:

• Aerodynamics
• Fluid mechanics
• Structures
• Propulsion
• Flight dynamics
• Orbital mechanics
• Stability and control
• Modeling and simulation
• Testing
• Capstone design

Under the ABET 2026–2027 engineering criteria, aerospace and similarly named programs must include modeling, simulation, computing, and testing applied to aerospace systems or subsystems.

ABET also distinguishes among program titles:

• Aeronautical programs cover atmospheric flight.
• Astronautical programs cover spaceflight and the means of reaching space.
• Aerospace programs cover both atmospheric and spaceflight topics.

Aerospace Engineering Is a Strong Fit When You Want To

• Analyze flight or orbital performance
• Design vehicles or major subsystems
• Work in aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, or controls
• Integrate multiple spacecraft disciplines
• Enter a named engineering occupation after a bachelor’s degree

Aerospace Engineering May Be a Weaker Fit When You Want To

• Design spacecraft electronics
• Develop embedded computing hardware
• Specialize in radio-frequency communications
• Build large software systems
• Conduct astronomy research
• Focus exclusively on Earth-observation data
• Pursue a nontechnical commercial role

A student who wants to design a satellite power system may be better served by electrical engineering. A student who wants to build flight software may be better served by computer science or computer engineering.

Why Is Electrical Engineering One of the Most Versatile Space Majors?

Electrical engineering supports nearly every modern spacecraft and ground system.

Electrical engineers may work with:

• Power generation and distribution
• Batteries and power electronics
• Radio-frequency communications
• Antennas
• Sensors
• Instrument electronics
• Signal processing
• Motor control
• Avionics
• Electromagnetic compatibility
• Ground support equipment

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports a bachelor’s degree as the typical entry education for electrical and electronics engineers.

Electrical engineering is particularly versatile because its applications extend beyond space into energy, telecommunications, electronics, semiconductor manufacturing, transportation, automation, and medical devices.

Electrical Engineering Is a Strong Fit When You Enjoy

• Circuits
• Signals
• Electronics
• Electromagnetism
• Communications
• Sensors
• Laboratory measurement
• Hardware troubleshooting

The degree can be demanding for students who dislike circuit analysis, laboratory work, or abstract mathematical models.

When Is Computer Engineering Better Than Computer Science?

Computer engineering is often the more direct choice for embedded spacecraft computing. Computer science is often the more direct choice for larger software systems, algorithms, and data infrastructure.

Computer Engineering Commonly Emphasizes

• Digital logic
• Computer architecture
• Embedded processors
• Electronics
• Firmware
• Hardware interfaces
• Real-time systems
• Hardware-software integration

Computer Science Commonly Emphasizes

• Algorithms
• Data structures
• Operating systems
• Software architecture
• Databases
• Networks
• Artificial intelligence
• Security
• Large-scale application development

The boundary varies by university.

A computer science program may offer excellent embedded-systems courses. A computer engineering program may emphasize hardware more than software. Inspect the required curriculum.

Choose Computer Engineering When You Want To

• Build flight computers
• Develop firmware
• Interface with sensors and actuators
• Work close to avionics hardware
• Debug timing and communications problems

Choose Computer Science When You Want To

• Develop flight or ground software
• Build mission-planning tools
• Process telemetry
• Create scientific-data systems
• Work in simulation, cybersecurity, or automation
• Preserve broad software-industry flexibility

A generic programming portfolio may not demonstrate readiness for safety-conscious or mission-critical work. Stronger evidence includes tests, requirements, error handling, configuration control, and documented interfaces.

When Is Mechanical Engineering Better Than Aerospace Engineering?

Mechanical engineering can be a better choice when you want broad preparation in physical systems while preserving career options outside aviation and space.

Mechanical engineers may contribute to:

• Structures
• Mechanisms
• Thermal systems
• Test fixtures
• Ground equipment
• Manufacturing
• Vibration analysis
• Materials selection
• Robotics
• Fluid systems

Mechanical engineering often provides more general industrial flexibility than a highly specialized aerospace degree.

Mechanical Engineering Is a Strong Fit When You Want To

• Design physical components
• Analyze loads and motion
• Work with thermal systems
• Build mechanisms or test hardware
• Preserve options in energy, robotics, manufacturing, automotive, or industrial equipment

A mechanical curriculum may contain little orbital mechanics, spacecraft systems, or radio-frequency content. Space-specific projects, electives, or internships may be needed.

Is Computer Science a Good Major for the Space Industry?

Yes. Modern missions depend on software at every stage.

Software supports:

• Flight control
• Command and data handling
• Mission planning
• Ground stations
• Telemetry
• Simulation
• Test automation
• Data processing
• Cybersecurity
• Customer platforms
• Scientific archives

NASA’s Data Science, Cyber, and IT careers page describes software, applications, infrastructure, cybersecurity, mission systems, and scientific-data work across the agency.

Computer science is also highly transferable outside the space industry.

A Strong Space-Focused Computer Science Plan Includes

• Data structures and algorithms
• Operating systems
• Computer networks
• Software engineering
• Testing
• Cybersecurity
• Databases
• Numerical computing
• Embedded or real-time systems when available
• A domain project involving telemetry, simulation, remote sensing, or scientific data

The degree title alone is insufficient. Employers need evidence that you can build reliable software and collaborate with engineers, scientists, operators, or customers.

Is Physics a Good Major for Space Careers?

Physics is a strong analytical foundation for research, instrumentation, modeling, optics, data analysis, and some engineering-adjacent roles.

Physics students commonly study:

• Classical mechanics
• Electricity and magnetism
• Quantum mechanics
• Thermodynamics
• Laboratory methods
• Mathematics
• Computation

Physics can support careers in:

• Scientific research
• Mission analysis
• Instrumentation
• Remote sensing
• Software
• Data science
• Technical operations
• Engineering support
• Graduate study

Physics is less direct than an accredited engineering degree for many design positions.

A physics graduate may understand the underlying science while lacking formal preparation in:

• Engineering design
• Standards
• Manufacturing
• Requirements
• Verification
• Capstone engineering work

Students who want industry roles after a physics bachelor’s degree should deliberately build software, laboratory, electronics, data, or systems evidence.

When Should You Major in Astronomy or Astrophysics?

Astronomy or astrophysics is the strongest choice when your primary goal is to study celestial phenomena and you accept the education path associated with research.

Possible areas include:

• Stellar astrophysics
• Galaxies
• Cosmology
• Planetary systems
• Observational astronomy
• Scientific computing
• Telescope data
• Instrument science

The BLS profile for physicists and astronomers states that research and academic positions typically require a PhD.

An astronomy bachelor’s degree may also support:

• Scientific software
• Data analysis
• Observatory support
• Education
• Instrumentation support
• Research assistance
• Mission operations
• Technical communication

Astronomy Is Not the Most Direct Choice for

• Spacecraft structural design
• Avionics
• Propulsion
• Power electronics
• Manufacturing engineering
• Flight-software architecture

The degree studies the universe rather than teaching the complete engineering process used to build spacecraft.

Which Earth and Environmental Majors Support Space Careers?

Space systems are widely used to observe Earth, weather, oceans, land, ice, ecosystems, hazards, and human activity.

Relevant majors include:

• Atmospheric science
• Meteorology
• Earth science
• Geology
• Geophysics
• Geography
• Geographic information science
• Environmental science
• Oceanography
• Remote sensing

NASA’s science careers page identifies Earth science as one of its major scientific areas, alongside planetary science, heliophysics, and astrophysics.

Atmospheric-science programs may prepare students for:

• Weather analysis
• Satellite meteorology
• Launch-weather support
• Climate data
• Space-weather-related work
• Scientific research

BLS reports a bachelor’s degree as the typical entry education for atmospheric scientists, although research positions commonly require a master’s degree or PhD.

Check the Program for

• Calculus
• Physics
• Statistics
• Programming
• Geographic information systems
• Remote sensing
• Data visualization
• Field or laboratory methods
• Research experience

A program focused primarily on policy or general environmental studies may not provide the quantitative preparation expected for scientific remote-sensing roles.

Are Mathematics, Statistics, Data Science, and Operations Research Good Majors?

These majors are strong choices for mission planning, estimation, optimization, scientific analysis, and decision support.

Applications may include:

• Trajectory optimization
• Constellation planning
• Resource allocation
• Ground-station scheduling
• Orbit determination
• Sensor-data analysis
• Reliability
• Risk analysis
• Forecasting
• Logistics
• Manufacturing analytics

BLS reports a bachelor’s degree as the typical entry education for operations research analysts. Some mathematics and statistics occupations commonly use graduate-level preparation, although bachelor’s-level roles also exist.

Applied Mathematics Is Strongest When Paired With

• Programming
• Numerical methods
• Probability and statistics
• Optimization
• A physical or operational domain
• A documented modeling project

Data Science Is Strongest When Paired With

• Rigorous statistics
• Software engineering
• Data quality controls
• Domain knowledge
• Reproducible analysis
• Clear uncertainty reporting

A data-science label does not guarantee mathematical depth. Review the required calculus, linear algebra, probability, statistics, computing, and capstone work.

Which Majors Support Space Manufacturing and Production?

Spacecraft and launch systems must be manufactured, inspected, integrated, tested, transported, and documented.

Useful majors include:

• Industrial engineering
• Manufacturing engineering
• Mechanical engineering
• Materials science and engineering
• Quality engineering
• Engineering technology
• Supply-chain management
• Logistics

Industrial Engineering May Cover

• Production systems
• Quality
• Optimization
• Human factors
• Facility layout
• Scheduling
• Statistics
• Process improvement

Materials Science May Cover

• Metals
• Polymers
• Ceramics
• Composites
• Coatings
• Failure analysis
• Processing
• Material performance

Manufacturing Engineering May Cover

• Machining
• Tooling
• Automation
• Production planning
• Metrology
• Process control
• Design for manufacturing

These majors can be highly relevant even when they are less visible than aerospace engineering.

Which Business, Communication, Policy, and Legal Routes Work in Space?

Space organizations need professionals who manage money, contracts, suppliers, customers, people, institutions, and public information.

NASA’s Business Services careers page identifies human resources, accounting, writing, contracts, and media relations among its business functions.

Useful undergraduate majors include:

• Accounting
• Finance
• Supply-chain management
• Logistics
• Business analytics
• Human resources
• Technical communication
• Journalism
• Public relations
• Marketing
• Public policy
• Political science
• International relations
• Economics
• Education
• Paralegal studies

Examples of Mission-Support Outputs

Major or education route	Possible output
Accounting	Financial record, cost report, audit support
Finance	Budget forecast, funding analysis
Supply chain	Supplier plan, inventory model, delivery analysis
Business analytics	Performance dashboard, customer analysis
Technical communication	Controlled procedure, user guide, technical report
Public relations	Sourced public statement, media briefing
Human resources	Staffing plan, structured hiring process
Public policy or political science	Policy analysis, stakeholder map
Education	Training module, curriculum, public program
Paralegal studies	Lawyer-supervised legal research, filing, and document support
Bachelor’s degree followed by a J.D.	Preparation for lawyer roles after applicable admission requirements are met

These roles are not substitute engineering positions. A contract specialist does not approve a spacecraft design, and a technical writer should not independently invent engineering instructions.

How Does the U.S. Lawyer Path Differ From an Undergraduate Major?

The American Bar Association states that it does not recommend a particular undergraduate major or required set of pre-law courses.

A prospective lawyer may complete a bachelor’s degree in:

• Engineering
• Computer science
• Physics
• Economics
• History
• English
• Political science
• Business
• Mathematics
• Another academically rigorous field

The typical lawyer route then includes:

1. Completing a bachelor’s degree
2. Earning a J.D. or another qualifying professional law degree
3. Satisfying the character, examination, and admission rules of the relevant jurisdiction
4. Maintaining any continuing obligations imposed by that jurisdiction

The precise rules differ by jurisdiction. A bachelor’s degree in legal studies, political science, or pre-law does not itself authorize legal practice.

A technical undergraduate major may be useful in certain legal areas, but no major guarantees admission to law school, bar admission, or employment in space law.

How Does the Paralegal Route Differ?

Paralegals and legal assistants support lawyers rather than independently practicing law.

BLS identifies an associate degree as the typical entry education for the occupation and explains that common routes include:

• An associate degree in paralegal studies
• A certificate in paralegal studies
• A bachelor’s degree combined with relevant paralegal preparation
• In some cases, employer-provided training

Employer preferences and state rules can vary. Paralegal education or certification does not grant authority to provide independent legal advice.

Engineering, Science, Computing, Business, or Law: Which Is Better?

None is universally better. Each owns a different part of mission execution.

Degree or education family	Primary strength	Main limitation	Typical additional education pressure
Engineering	Design, analysis, testing, physical systems	Structured curriculum; specialization may limit electives	Low to moderate for entry-level work
Computer science and computing	Software, data systems, automation, cybersecurity	Domain knowledge must be added deliberately	Low to moderate
Physical science	Research, theory, measurement, scientific analysis	Less direct for engineering-design roles	Moderate to high for research careers
Earth and environmental science	Earth observation, atmosphere, surfaces, hazards	Program quantitative depth varies	Moderate for research
Mathematics and data	Modeling, optimization, estimation, analytics	Needs a clear application domain	Low to moderate; higher for some research roles
Industrial and production disciplines	Manufacturing, quality, operations, logistics	Less focus on spacecraft theory	Low to moderate
Business and communication	Resources, contracts, people, customers, public trust	Limited authority over technical decisions	Usually low; role-specific exceptions apply
Public policy and international relations	Institutions, regulation, governance, cooperation	Does not authorize legal practice	Graduate study may help but is not universal
Paralegal studies	Lawyer-supervised legal support	Does not authorize independent legal practice	Associate degree or certificate is common
Lawyer pathway	Legal advice, transactions, disputes, regulation	Requires post-baccalaureate legal education and admission	J.D. or qualifying professional degree plus jurisdictional requirements

The best choice is the family whose daily work you would still value even if the employer were not famous.

How Should You Compare Salary and Employment Data?

Do not rank majors by placing unrelated occupational salaries in one column.

A major is an educational program. An occupation is paid work. One major may lead to several occupations, and one occupation may accept several majors.

The following BLS figures are representative occupational benchmarks, not degree outcomes or entry-level space-industry offers.

BLS occupation	Typical entry education	May 2024 median pay	Relevant majors or route
Aerospace Engineers	Bachelor’s degree	$134,830	Aerospace, mechanical, related engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineers	Bachelor’s degree	$118,780 combined	Electrical, electronics engineering
Mechanical Engineers	Bachelor’s degree	$102,320	Mechanical engineering
Computer Hardware Engineers	Bachelor’s degree	$155,020	Computer or electrical engineering
Software Developers	Bachelor’s degree	$133,080	Computer science, software engineering
Atmospheric Scientists, Including Meteorologists	Bachelor’s degree	$97,450	Meteorology, atmospheric science
Operations Research Analysts	Bachelor’s degree	$91,290	Operations research, applied mathematics
Technical Writers	Bachelor’s degree	$91,670	Technical communication, English, technical fields
Project Management Specialists	Bachelor’s degree	$100,750	Business, project management, technical disciplines
Astronomers	Doctoral or professional degree is typical for research and academic entry	$132,170	Astronomy, astrophysics, physics
Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technologists and Technicians	Associate degree	$79,830	Aerospace engineering technology
Paralegals and Legal Assistants	Associate degree	$61,010	Paralegal studies, certificate, or related preparation
Lawyers	Doctoral or professional degree	$151,160	Bachelor’s degree followed by professional legal education

What the Table Does Not Tell You

It does not show:

• Starting salary for a graduate
• Salary at a specific space company
• Employment rate for a particular college
• Probability of receiving an offer
• Bonuses, equity, overtime, or benefits
• Local cost of living
• Whether the occupation requires citizenship or a clearance
• Whether a graduate’s work will involve space
• Whether a law graduate will be admitted in a particular jurisdiction
• Whether a paralegal program satisfies a specific employer’s preference

Use salary only after identifying the occupation, career stage, location, industry, required education, and any professional admission requirements.

The Major-to-Mission Fit Score

The Major-to-Mission Fit Score is an original decision framework developed for this guide.

It compares a major against a defined role rather than against the entire space industry.

Score each factor from 1 to 5.

Factor	Weight	Question
Output match	30%	Does the curriculum prepare you to create the target role’s main work product?
Required-course coverage	25%	Are the essential subjects required rather than merely optional?
Evidence access	20%	Can you complete relevant laboratories, research, design, internships, or team projects?
Credential directness	15%	Does the degree satisfy the normal educational route for the occupation?
Financial practicality	10%	Is the program affordable and realistically completable on schedule?

Calculate:

[
\text{Major-to-Mission Fit Score}

0.30O + 0.25C + 0.20E + 0.15D + 0.10F
]

Where:

• (O) = output-match score
• (C) = required-course-coverage score
• (E) = evidence-access score
• (D) = credential-directness score
• (F) = financial-practicality score

The result remains on a 1-to-5 scale.

It is not an admissions model, employment probability, salary forecast, or psychological assessment.

Worked Example: Choosing a Major for Satellite Avionics

Consider a fictional student who wants to design satellite power and embedded avionics.

The student is comparing aerospace engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science at the same university.

Factor	Weight	Aerospace	Electrical	Computer science
Output match	30%	4	5	3
Required-course coverage	25%	3	5	3
Evidence access	20%	4	4	5
Credential directness	15%	5	5	4
Financial practicality	10%	4	4	5

Aerospace Engineering

[
(0.30\times4)+(0.25\times3)+(0.20\times4)+(0.15\times5)+(0.10\times4)
=3.90
]

Electrical Engineering

[
(0.30\times5)+(0.25\times5)+(0.20\times4)+(0.15\times5)+(0.10\times4)
=4.70
]

Computer Science

[
(0.30\times3)+(0.25\times3)+(0.20\times5)+(0.15\times4)+(0.10\times5)
=3.75
]

For this fictional role, electrical engineering is the strongest match because power electronics, circuits, signals, and hardware interfaces are central to the desired output.

That conclusion would change if the student wanted to develop ground software, perform flight-dynamics analysis, or conduct astrophysics research.

The Graduation Evidence Inventory

A degree should help you graduate with inspectable evidence, not only completed course titles.

The Graduation Evidence Inventory is an original audit for identifying what a program enables you to show.

Mark each category as:

• Required: Every student completes relevant evidence.
• Accessible: Available through electives, research, clubs, or competitive programs.
• Missing: No clear path appears in official program information.

Evidence category	Example
Analytical evidence	Model, calculation, optimization, uncertainty analysis
Software evidence	Tested program, simulation, data pipeline, embedded code
Hardware evidence	Circuit, mechanism, instrument, prototype
Test evidence	Procedure, measurements, calibration, verification report
Scientific evidence	Research question, dataset, inference, paper
Design evidence	Requirements, alternatives, selected design, review package
Operations evidence	Procedure, schedule, anomaly response, resource plan
Team evidence	Defined contribution, interface work, documented handoff
Communication evidence	Technical report, presentation, user documentation
Policy evidence	Stakeholder map, sourced policy analysis, implementation options
Legal-support evidence	Lawyer-supervised research, document organization, filing support
Boundary evidence	Assumptions, limitations, safety and authority statement

A program with an impressive course list but few opportunities to create evidence may require substantial extracurricular work.

A program with strong laboratories, research, capstone design, and industry partnerships may create a clearer transition into employment or graduate school.

The Bridge Load Test

The Bridge Load Test estimates how difficult it would be to move from one major into a target role.

List three kinds of missing preparation:

1. Course-sequence gaps
2. Evidence gaps
3. Credential gaps

Calculate:

[
\text{Bridge Load}

\text{Course-sequence gaps}
+
\text{Evidence gaps}
+
2(\text{additional credential stages})
]

An additional credential stage receives double weight because a new degree, professional program, or licensing step may require more time and money than one course or project.

Example: Physics Major to Spacecraft Structural Engineer

Possible gaps:

• Mechanics of materials sequence: 1
• Structural design sequence: 1
• Engineering capstone: 1
• Verified structural project: 1
• Engineering degree or formal bridge program: 1 credential stage

[
1+1+1+1+2(1)=6
]

Example: Mechanical Engineering Major to Spacecraft Structural Engineer

Possible gaps:

• Spacecraft-specific structures elective: 1
• Space-focused structural project: 1
• Additional credential stage: 0

[
1+1+2(0)=2
]

Example: Public Policy Major to Lawyer Role

Possible gaps:

• J.D. or qualifying professional law degree: 1 credential stage
• Jurisdiction-specific admission process: 1 credential stage

[
0+0+2(2)=4
]

This simplified score does not measure the difficulty of law school or predict admission. It makes clear that a public-policy bachelor’s degree is not the terminal professional credential for practicing law.

The result is not a universal threshold. It makes hidden transition requirements visible before you commit to a degree.

How Do You Audit an Actual College Program?

Use official documents rather than promotional summaries.

Step 1: Define One Target Output

Examples:

• Tested flight software
• Spacecraft power-system design
• Remote-sensing analysis
• Astronomy research paper
• Manufacturing quality plan
• Mission schedule
• Public communications package
• Policy analysis
• Lawyer-supervised legal research

Step 2: Download the Required Curriculum

Identify:

• Mathematics sequence
• Science requirements
• Programming
• Core major courses
• Laboratories
• Design or research requirements
• Capstone
• Elective limits
• Prerequisite chains

Step 3: Check Program-Level Accreditation or Approval

ABET accredits individual technical programs, not entire universities or students.

Use the official ABET Accredited Program Search to verify:

• Exact program name
• Degree level
• Campus
• Accreditation commission
• Accreditation status

ABET describes accreditation as a review process used to determine whether an educational program meets defined quality standards.

ABET also states that accreditation may:

• Enhance employment opportunities with employers that seek accredited preparation
• Support entry into licensure, registration, or certification pathways where accredited education is required or preferred
• Improve professional mobility through international recognition agreements

These are general benefits described by ABET. They do not mean that every employer requires accreditation, every accredited graduate will be hired, or every licensing board uses identical rules.

For legal education, use the relevant law-school and jurisdictional authorities. The ABA Council approves U.S. programs leading to the J.D.; it does not turn an undergraduate pre-law or legal-studies major into a professional law degree.

Step 4: Audit Evidence Access

Check for:

• Undergraduate research
• Capstone design
• CubeSat teams
• Robotics
• Rocket or aircraft teams
• Observatory access
• Electronics laboratories
• Machine shops
• Remote-sensing projects
• Moot court or legal-writing opportunities for future law students
• Supervised paralegal experience
• Co-ops
• Internships
• Faculty-supervised independent study

Determine whether access is guaranteed, open to all majors, competitive, or available only after prerequisites.

Step 5: Check Course Frequency

A course listed in the catalog may not be offered every year.

Ask:

• When was it last offered?
• Is it required or elective?
• Does one faculty member teach it?
• Are prerequisites offered in the correct sequence?
• Could cancellation delay graduation?

Step 6: Examine Published Outcomes Carefully

Useful outcome evidence may include:

• Graduate-school destinations
• Employers
• Internship participation
• Licensure-exam information
• Bar-admission disclosures for law schools
• Capstone examples
• Research presentations

Avoid interpreting selected success stories as a complete placement rate.

Step 7: Calculate the Total Cost

Include:

• Tuition
• Fees
• Housing
• Transportation
• Equipment
• Unpaid internship costs
• Additional semesters
• Lost earnings
• Graduate-school plans
• Professional-school tuition where relevant
• Examination and licensing costs where relevant

The cheapest annual tuition is not necessarily the lowest total cost if the program delays graduation or provides weak access to required experiences.

Why Does ABET Accreditation Matter for Engineering Programs?

ABET accreditation provides an external review of an individual technical program against applicable standards.

ABET states that accreditation can matter because it:

• Verifies that a program meets recognized technical-education standards
• Can enhance employment opportunities where employers seek accredited graduates
• Supports licensure, registration, and certification pathways that use accredited education as a qualification
• Helps professional mobility through international recognition arrangements
• Requires assessment and continuous improvement within the program

ABET also explains that engineering licensure is regulated at the state level in the United States. Accredited education commonly supports the educational portion of that process, but individual boards determine their own requirements.

Therefore:

• ABET does not license engineers.
• ABET does not certify individual graduates.
• Accreditation does not guarantee employment.
• Accreditation does not guarantee admission to an examination.
• Accreditation does not guarantee licensure.
• Accreditation does not prove that a program is best for every specialization.
• Not every computing, science, business, policy, or space-industry role requires an ABET-accredited degree.

Use these official references when evaluating a claim about accreditation:

• What Is Accreditation?
• Why ABET Accreditation Matters
• Licensure, Registration and Certification
• ABET Accredited Program Search

Should You Choose a Specialized or Broad Major?

A specialized major can provide a direct route to a particular role. A broad major can preserve more alternatives.

Specialized-Major Advantages

• Clear professional identity
• Directly relevant courses
• Stronger domain vocabulary
• Specialized laboratories or faculty
• Easier explanation to recruiters

Specialized-Major Tradeoffs

• Fewer electives
• Greater dependence on one industry
• Harder transitions if interests change
• Course availability may depend on a small department

Broad-Major Advantages

• More industries and occupations
• Easier career redirection
• Larger departments and course selection
• Broad graduate-program options

Broad-Major Tradeoffs

• Space relevance must be built through projects
• Recruiters may not immediately see the connection
• Important domain courses may be optional

Electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, physics, applied mathematics, economics, and public policy are examples of broad degrees that can support space work when paired with relevant evidence.

Is a Double Major Worth It?

A double major is worthwhile only when the second major fills a defined preparation gap without creating disproportionate cost or delay.

Potential combinations include:

• Physics and astronomy
• Physics and mathematics
• Computer science and mathematics
• Electrical engineering and computer engineering
• Aerospace engineering and physics
• Geography and data science
• Business and supply-chain management
• Engineering and public policy
• Economics and international relations

Before committing, check:

• Duplicate-credit rules
• Upper-level credit requirements
• Laboratory schedules
• Capstone requirements
• Financial-aid limits
• Expected graduation date
• Time available for internships and projects

Two majors with no substantial work evidence may be less useful than one major with strong research, design, software, policy, or operational experience.

Is a Minor or Certificate Enough?

A minor or certificate can strengthen a major when it adds specific missing courses.

Examples:

• Aerospace major plus computer science minor
• Mechanical major plus controls certificate
• Astronomy major plus data science minor
• Geography major plus remote-sensing certificate
• Business major plus supply-chain minor
• Communications major plus technical-writing certificate
• Bachelor’s degree plus paralegal certificate for some legal-support routes

A minor does not normally replace the core preparation of a professional degree.

An engineering minor may not provide:

• Full design sequences
• Required laboratories
• Engineering capstone
• Programmatic accreditation
• Employer-recognized preparation for engineering practice

A pre-law minor does not replace a J.D. or grant authority to practice law.

Judge the minor or certificate by the courses, supervised experience, and artifacts it adds—not by its label.

Which Degree Is Best for Different Students?

Student goal or preference	Majors or education routes to investigate first
Design spacecraft as a whole	Aerospace or astronautical engineering
Build spacecraft electronics	Electrical or computer engineering
Write flight and ground software	Computer science, software engineering, computer engineering
Design structures and mechanisms	Mechanical or aerospace engineering
Work on propulsion	Aerospace, mechanical, chemical engineering
Study stars and galaxies	Astronomy, astrophysics, physics
Study planetary surfaces	Geology, geophysics, planetary science
Analyze Earth-observation data	Atmospheric science, geography, Earth science, data science
Optimize missions and schedules	Operations research, applied mathematics, industrial engineering
Manufacture and inspect hardware	Manufacturing, industrial, mechanical, materials engineering
Manage suppliers and logistics	Supply chain, logistics, business analytics
Write technical procedures	Technical communication plus technical coursework
Work in space policy	Public policy, political science, international relations, economics
Become a lawyer working on space matters	Any rigorous bachelor’s degree, followed by a J.D. and jurisdiction-specific admission
Support legal teams without practicing law	Paralegal studies, certificate, or related legal-support education
Keep broad technical options open	Electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, physics
Enter technical work through a two-year program	Aerospace, electronics, mechatronics, or engineering technology

What Common Mistakes Should You Avoid?

Choosing a Major Because Its Name Contains “Space”

The title may sound relevant while the curriculum lacks the courses you need.

Review requirements, laboratories, faculty, and capstone work.

Assuming Aerospace Engineering Covers Every Spacecraft Job

Aerospace engineering does not replace electrical, software, computer, materials, manufacturing, or scientific expertise.

Choosing Astronomy to Design Spacecraft

Astronomy studies celestial phenomena. It is not normally a substitute for engineering-design education.

Treating Law as a Standard Undergraduate Professional Major

In the United States, students generally complete a bachelor’s degree before entering a J.D. program.

The ABA does not require or recommend one undergraduate major for law school. A pre-law or legal-studies bachelor’s degree does not independently authorize legal practice.

Confusing Lawyers With Paralegals

Lawyers provide legal advice and representation within their licensed authority.

Paralegals and legal assistants perform support work, commonly under lawyer supervision. Their education and authority are different.

Choosing a Major Only by Median Salary

Salary figures describe occupations and populations, not guaranteed outcomes for everyone with the degree.

Ignoring Program Emphasis

One aerospace program may focus heavily on aircraft. Another may offer extensive spacecraft and orbital coursework.

Treating Electives as Guaranteed

A course may be unavailable, restricted, canceled, or blocked by prerequisites.

Overloading on Credentials

A double major, three minors, and several certificates may reduce time for research, internships, design teams, or paid work.

Ignoring Software

Even hardware, science, and operations roles increasingly rely on computation, data, automation, or digital tools.

Ignoring Communication

Engineers and scientists must still document decisions, explain uncertainty, and work across disciplines.

Assuming a Major Guarantees NASA Employment

NASA, commercial space companies, suppliers, universities, and contractors use different hiring processes and qualifications.

Treating ABET Accreditation as an Employment Guarantee

ABET describes educational quality, employer recognition, mobility, and licensure benefits. It does not promise that a graduate will obtain a job, license, salary, or particular assignment.

Treating Eligibility Restrictions as Academic Requirements

Citizenship, work authorization, export controls, and security clearances are separate from whether a degree is academically relevant.

What Should International Students Know?

A technically relevant major does not automatically determine whether a student may accept a particular internship or job.

Separate these questions:

• Is the major relevant?
• Is the student authorized to work?
• Will the employer provide sponsorship?
• Does the role require U.S. citizenship?
• Does the role involve export-controlled technology?
• Does the role require a security clearance?

The U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security explains that releasing certain controlled technology or source code to a foreign person in the United States may constitute a deemed export.

This does not mean every space position is limited to U.S. citizens.

The Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency states that security-clearance requirements are job-based. Individuals cannot apply for a clearance independently; the employing organization initiates the process when a position requires access.

USCIS states that F-1 students may work only under applicable authorization and conditions. Students should use official USCIS employment guidance and consult their designated school official regarding individual procedures.

Work authorization, citizenship, export authorization, and security-clearance eligibility are not interchangeable.

How Can You Troubleshoot a Difficult Major Decision?

Problem	Likely cause	Practical response
Every space-related major sounds interesting	You are comparing subjects rather than outputs	Select the artifact you want to create every week
You want to build satellites but dislike engineering design	The target role is unclear	Explore software, operations, science, policy, or business roles
You enjoy astronomy but do not want a PhD	Research astronomer may not be the target occupation	Compare data, software, education, observatory, and mission-support roles
You enjoy coding but dislike electronics	Computer engineering may be too hardware-focused	Compare computer science and software engineering
You want hardware work but dislike fluid mechanics	Aerospace may not be the best fit	Compare electrical, mechanical, materials, or manufacturing engineering
Your preferred college lacks aerospace engineering	The degree label is limiting your search	Compare mechanical, electrical, computer engineering, and physics
A degree has many electives but few required projects	Evidence access is uncertain	Complete the Graduation Evidence Inventory
A double major adds an extra year	Credential load may exceed its value	Compare a minor, research project, or focused graduate bridge
You want a space-law career but are choosing among bachelor’s majors	Undergraduate study and professional legal education are being combined	Choose a rigorous bachelor’s program, then separately evaluate J.D. and admission requirements
Your family wants the highest-paying major	Occupation and degree are being confused	Compare actual roles, career stage, debt, and work preferences
You are worried about choosing permanently	Transition requirements are unknown	Calculate the Bridge Load in both directions

A Two-Semester Major Validation Plan

This plan helps students test a degree choice before becoming deeply committed. It does not guarantee admission, graduation, or employment.

Semester 1: Test the Work

Complete one project related to each serious option.

Examples:

• Aerospace: flight-dynamics or structural trade study
• Electrical: sensor or power circuit
• Computer science: telemetry-processing application
• Physics: laboratory or computational model
• Astronomy: public-data research analysis
• Earth science: remote-sensing project
• Business: supplier or budget analysis
• Communications: sourced technical briefing
• Policy: stakeholder and implementation analysis
• Pre-law interest: sourced legal-policy research exercise that does not claim to provide legal advice

Record:

• What you enjoyed
• What frustrated you
• Which skills you wanted to improve
• Which work product you were proud to explain
• Whether you enjoyed the process or only the topic

Semester 1: Audit the Curriculum

Collect:

• Required courses
• Prerequisite map
• Accreditation or program-approval status
• Research and design access
• Internship information
• Total cost
• Likely graduation date
• Additional professional education required after the bachelor’s degree

Complete the Mission Output Map and Graduation Evidence Inventory.

Semester 2: Test the Environment

Join one relevant setting:

• Laboratory
• Design team
• Research group
• Software project
• Observatory
• Manufacturing laboratory
• Student organization
• Internship
• Community science project
• Policy clinic or research center
• Lawyer-supervised legal or paralegal setting where permitted

Observe the work rather than only the mission branding.

Semester 2: Make a Reversible Plan

Document:

• Primary major
• Backup major
• Three essential electives
• One technical or professional project
• One internship target
• Bridge courses for the backup path
• Any post-baccalaureate professional degree required
• Maximum acceptable cost and graduation delay

Review the plan after completing foundational mathematics, physics, computing, business, writing, or social-science courses.

College Major Selection Checklist

Mission Fit

• I can name the mission output I want to create.
• I know who uses that output.
• I understand which occupations normally own it.
• I would still consider the occupation outside the space industry.

Curriculum

• I have reviewed the official required courses.
• I understand the prerequisite sequence.
• I have checked mathematics, programming, laboratory, and design requirements.
• I know which important subjects are optional.
• I have checked how frequently specialized courses are offered.

Program Quality

• I have verified program-level accreditation or professional approval where relevant.
• I have reviewed research, capstone, and internship access.
• I know whether laboratories and design teams are open to my major.
• I have identified at least one faculty or program area relevant to my goal.
• I have not relied only on rankings or promotional language.

Evidence

• I can identify a realistic graduation work product.
• I know how I will gain software or data experience.
• I have a plan for research, design, testing, policy, legal-support, or operational work.
• I can explain how my work will be checked.
• I will document assumptions, limitations, authority, and my individual contribution.

Cost and Flexibility

• I know the estimated total cost.
• I understand the likely time to graduation.
• I have considered the cost of a double major or transfer.
• I know the graduate or professional education expected for my target occupation.
• I have calculated the Bridge Load for one alternative route.

Professional-Path Accuracy

• I understand that an undergraduate pre-law major is not required for law school.
• I understand that a bachelor’s degree alone does not normally authorize legal practice.
• I have distinguished lawyer, paralegal, policy, contracting, and compliance roles.
• I will verify admission or licensing requirements with the relevant jurisdiction.
• I will not represent a student project as legal advice or professional authorization.

Eligibility and Safety

• I have checked work-authorization requirements separately from academic fit.
• I have checked citizenship, export, and clearance language separately.
• I will not publish confidential, proprietary, export-controlled, or classified work.
• I will not claim that a student project is flight-qualified or officially approved.
• I understand that no major guarantees employment or authorization.

Which Major Should You Choose?

Choose aerospace or astronautical engineering when you want to work on vehicle-level flight systems, aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, orbital mechanics, or controls.

Choose electrical or computer engineering when you want to build avionics, power systems, sensors, communications, embedded computers, or hardware-software interfaces.

Choose mechanical engineering when you want broad preparation in structures, mechanisms, thermal systems, testing, and physical product design.

Choose computer science or software engineering when you want to develop flight software, ground systems, simulations, data platforms, cybersecurity, or automation.

Choose physics, astronomy, or another physical science when you want scientific analysis, research, instruments, or mission science and accept the graduate-education requirements associated with your target occupation.

Choose Earth, atmospheric, geographic, or environmental science when you want to work with weather, climate, remote sensing, planetary surfaces, or Earth-observation data.

Choose mathematics, statistics, data science, or operations research when you want to model, optimize, estimate, schedule, or extract decisions from complex data.

Choose industrial, manufacturing, or materials engineering when you want to improve production, quality, processes, hardware reliability, and physical integration.

Choose business, supply chain, communications, public policy, education, or international relations when you want to manage the resources, institutions, customers, information, and public trust that make missions possible.

Choose paralegal studies or related legal-support preparation when you want to support lawyers through supervised research, records, filings, and document work without independently practicing law.

For a lawyer role, choose a rigorous undergraduate field that develops research, writing, analysis, and subject knowledge. Then separately evaluate J.D. programs and the admission requirements of the jurisdiction where you intend to practice.

The best college major for a space-industry career is not the degree with the most impressive name. It is the program that aligns with a real mission output, provides the required academic foundation, gives you access to credible evidence, and remains financially and professionally workable.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Is the Best Major for Working at NASA?

NASA hires across engineering, science, computing, data, cybersecurity, business, communications, procurement, human resources, and other fields. The best major depends on the NASA occupation you are targeting, not the agency name alone.

Is Aerospace Engineering Better Than Mechanical Engineering for Space?

Aerospace engineering is more direct for flight mechanics, orbital systems, aerodynamics, and propulsion. Mechanical engineering may offer broader preparation for structures, mechanisms, thermal systems, manufacturing, and careers outside aerospace. The better choice depends on the exact curriculum and target role.

Can a Computer Science Major Work in the Space Industry?

Yes. Computer science graduates can work on flight software, mission planning, ground systems, telemetry, simulations, cybersecurity, test automation, scientific data, and commercial space platforms. Relevant projects and reliable software practices strengthen the connection.

Is Physics or Astronomy Better for a Space Career?

Physics generally preserves broader routes into scientific, technical, software, and engineering-adjacent work. Astronomy is more directly focused on celestial science. Research astronomy usually requires a PhD, so students should compare curricula and credential paths carefully.

What Undergraduate Major Is Best for Space Law?

The ABA does not recommend one required pre-law major. Engineering, science, economics, political science, history, English, business, and other rigorous majors may all provide useful preparation. Practicing law normally requires professional legal education and jurisdiction-specific admission after the bachelor’s degree.

Does an ABET-Accredited Degree Guarantee an Engineering Job?

No. ABET accreditation evaluates an academic program against applicable criteria. ABET states that accreditation may support employment opportunities, mobility, and professional-recognition pathways, but it does not guarantee employment, salary, licensure, or suitability for a particular specialty.

Related Degree and Career Guides

• Astronomy vs Aerospace Engineering: Which Degree Should You Choose?
• Space Careers That Do Not Require a PhD
• Non-Engineering Careers in the Space Industry
• How to Become an Aerospace Engineer
• How to Become a Satellite Systems Engineer

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